Is there any evidence that the amounts of these gases might be responsible for the global warming noted for the past 140 years? If so, what is that evidence? Look closely at the diagram of greenhouse gases. The gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, all of which are emitted to the atmosphere from various human acitivites (as well as natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions). The next figure shows the amounts of three important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere for the past 1000 years. If scientists monitored the composition of the atmosphere, not just the temperature, maybe they saw that the amount of greenhouse gases increased also. Based on this information, how can we test your idea that pollution is causing the temperature increase of the past 140 years? (R&E) We also know that certain gases in the atmosphere can cause warming if more of those substances are able to accumulate in the atmosphere. If we look at proxy data for temperature, as is found in coral and tree rings, for example, the 20th century is anomalously warm compared to the previous 9 centuries. Scientists have monitored Earth's temperature with thermometers for 140 years, and it's gotten a little warmer. Let's take a minute to review what we know. Do you know how those substances can make it get warmer? (I&C) I'm assuming that such things can cause warming. Well, certain things in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide from automobiles, can make Earth get warmer. I'm going to ask you what evidence supports your hypothesis, but first, what are you assuming when you say that pollution in the atmosphere caused global warming in the 20th century? (I&C) Can you suggest a hypothesis for why Earth started to get warmer at the close of the 19th century? ( The 20th century got really hot compared to the previous 1000 years. What is the most significant aspect of this plot of average annual temperature for the last 1000 years? (C) One degree Farenheit doesn't sound like much, but there is a trend, and it looks like it's getting warmer, especially for the last 20 years or so. Is that very much? Is it enough to say that global warming is occurring? (R&E) Yes,the black line is a filtered annual curve of temperature change with time, and it shows an increase of about 0.6?0.2☌. During that time, how much has the average global temperature increased? (C) You can see from this graph of average annual Earth temperature that scientists have been keeping track of Earth's temperature, which is an indicator of the state of the climate system, for about 140 years, since about 1860. Additional source is Figure 2.7c in Chapter 2 of the full IPCC report. Graph is Figure 1a from the Summary for Policymakers in the Third Assessment Report of Working Group I of the IPCC. Don't show them the caption instead, read it aloud slowly (all but the last sentence) and discuss the axes of the figure, the error bars, and so forth. [Show the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) graph of the average annual global temperature for the past ~140 years. How long have scientists been measuring Earth's temperature? (C) If scientists have reported to the news media that it's getting warmer on Earth, how do they know that? (R&E) Yeah, I learned about it from the news reporters, but they learned about it from scientists. Are you saying that you learned that global warming is occurring from journalists and newscasters? Are you assuming that they know that it is warming? (A) How do you know that it's getting warmer? What evidence supports your answer? (R&E) What is happening to the modern global climate? (C) Questions that probe implications and consequences (I&C).Questions that probe reasons and evidence (R&E).Some of the questions below are identified in terms of the type of question, as follows: The instructor/teacher is identified as T, and the student as S. The content focuses upon the nature of evidence for modern global warming. It will help instructors learn how to create Socratic questions and to design a session of Socratic questioning. This sample of plausible questions and responses is designed to help guide the instructor through a Socratic lesson. Back to Example Detailed Example of Using Socratic Questioning in Class
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